2023, December – Project report PN-III-P1-1.1-PD-2021-0145
Scientific report – Stage 2023
Stage No. 2
Stage title: [WP1,WP2,WP3] Realizare DFM, analiza de precizie si implementarea in studii de caz
Abstract
[Stage 2, 2023]/Rezumatul etapei 2, 2023:
A doua etapa a proiectului a constat intr-o continuare a procesului de revizuire a literaturii de specialitate si cercetari bibliografice privind folosirea tehnologiilor LiDAR si digital photography Structure-from-Motion (SfM). Pe langa cercetarile bibliografice, s-a efectuat o cercetare originala, diseminata printr-un articol stiintific, utilizand aparatura din dotare, inainte de achizitionarea de echipamente noi. Procesului de achizitie de echipamente a inceput in lunile martie-aprilie a etapei 2, cu ocazia alocarii de fonduri. In cadrul acestei etape, dupa intrarea in gestiunea Departamentului Masuratori Terestre si Cadastru a aparaturii achizitionate, s-au efectuat numeroase teste pe teren si prelucrari de date, in vederea perfectionarii si optimizarii livrabilelor rezultate cu senzori de specialitate. In cadrul primelor sub-etape dedicate perfectionarii si optimizarii modelului DFM, s-au efectuat analize de precizie a masuratorilor rezultate, prin analiza norilor de puncte si a modelelor digitale de elevatie fata de puncta masurate la sol prin metode si instrumente topo-geodezice. Implementarea in studii de caz a fost efectuata in aceasta etapa, prin alegerea unei alunecari de teren active, urmata de masuratori in vederea elaborarii modelului DFM conceput, cat si o implementare intr-un studiu de caz necesar domeniului de constructii. Masuratorile necesare celor doua implementari pe studii de caz prevazute in proiect au fost efectuate in lunile august-septembrie-octombrie. La momentul actual, procesarea de date a fost finalizata pentru cercetarile aferente implementarii modelului DFM in monitorizarile de alunecari de teren, si este in lucru la un stadiu avansat scrierea articolului stiintific. Se preconizeaza trimiterea manuscrisului la un jurnal indexat ISI in urmatoarele 30 zile, iar apoi continuarea procesarii de date, finalizarea si trimiterea celuilat articol (referitor la implementarea modelului DFM in constructii) pana in luna martie 2024.
Rezultate științifice obținute pe parcursul derulării proiectului
Cercetarile finalizate si diseminate in cadrul acestei etape au constat dintr-un studiu de caz adecvat tematicii proiectului, unde s-au folosit principii si obiective din metodologia gandita in proiectul Flysurvey, dar folosind instrumentatia semi-profesionista din dotarea centrului Erris “Research Center for Land Measurements and Geospatial Data Processing” din cadrul UTCN. Diseminarea rezultatelor a fost efectuata prin publicarea unui articol intr-un jurnal indexat WoS cu factor de impact 3.0 si situat in Q2.
Activitățile derulate în cadrul acestei etape și rezultatele științifice aferente acestora
Activitate 2.1: [A.I.1] Achizitie echipamente: platforma UAV, senzori si software
Activitate 2.2: [A.I.2] Zboruri de testare si planificari de misiuni, teste de calibrare a camerei si a senzorilor
Activitate 2.3: [A.I.2] Teste de achiziție de date si prelucrarea livrabilelor LiDAR și fotogrammetrice
Activitate 2.4: [A.I.1] [A.I.3, A.II.1] Analiza preciziei obtinute intre livrabilele generate de fiecare senzor
Activitate 2.5: [A.I.4, A.II.2] Fuziunea datelor și dezvoltarea DFM (digital feature model) conform metodologiei prevazute in proiect
In cadrul acestor activitati au fost efectuate principalele etape premergatoare implementarii conceptului DFM. Acestea au constat in achizitia de echipamente, testarea, calibrarea si perfectionarea calitatii livrabilelor, cat si postprocesarea acestora.
Sistemul UAV DJI M300 cu senzorul P1 (stanga) si senzorul L1 (dreapta)
Testarea echipamentelor intr-un mediu controlat (stanga) si statia DRTK (dreapta)
Testarea sistemului DJI M300 RTK cu camera P1 si LiDAR L1
Testarea sistemului si prelucrarea datelor fotogrammetrice
Testarea sistemului si prelucrarea datelor LiDAR
Activitate 2.5: [A.III.1, A.III.2] Implementarea de DFM propus ca inovatie metodologica intr-o lucrare de monitorizare de alunecari de teren
In cadrul acestei etape a fost aleasa o zona de studiu cu alunecari de teren active, si cu o susceptibilitate crescuta la aparitia acestor hazarde naturale. Masuratorile de teren au fost efectuate in lunile august-septembrie-octombrie. La momentul actual, procesarea de date a fost finalizata pentru cercetarile aferente implementarii modelului DFM in monitorizarile de alunecari de teren, si este in lucru la un stadiu avansat scrierea articolului stiintific. Se preconizeaza trimiterea manuscrisului la un jurnal indexat ISI in urmatoarele 30 zile. Atasat sunt o parte din figurile prevazute in articol.
Activitate 2.6: [A.IV.1, A.IV.2] Implementarea de DFM propus ca inovatie metodologica intr-o lucrare de ridicari topografice in vederea elaborarii de documentatii tehnice
In cadrul acestei etape a fost aleasa o implementare intr-un studiu de caz necesar domeniului de constructii. Masuratorile necesare implementarii studiului de caz prevazut in proiect a fost finalizat in luna octombrie. La momentul actual, procesarea de date este in desfasurare, iar finalizarea si trimiterea articol se realizeaza pana in luna martie 2024.
Activitati complementare etapei 2 (2023):
In cadrul acestei etape si perioade de raportare, directorul de proiect a finalizat cercetari intr-un amplu studiu de caz adecvat tematicii proiectului, unde s-au folosit principii si obiective din metodologia gandita in proiectul Flysurvey, dar folosind instrumentatia semi-profesionista din dotarea centrului Erris “Research Center for Land Measurements and Geospatial Data Processing” din cadrul UTCN. Rezultatele obtinute evidentiaza avantajele indispensabile in folosirea sistemelor UAV pentru aplicatii in inginerie civila, dar si afirma nevoia de o implementare si fuziune a norilor de puncte achizitionati cu tehnologiile LiDAR si RGB digital photography. Diseminarea rezultatelor a fost efectuata prin publicarea unui articol intr-un jurnal indexat WoS cu factor de impact 3.0 (Q2). Titlul articolului este “The use of budget UAV systems and GIS spatial analysis in cadastral and construction surveying for building planning”, disponibil online accesand urmatorul link:
Jurnalul in care a fost publicat articolul este Frontiers in Built Environment (https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment), un jurnal indexat Web of Science cu Factorul de Impact 3.0, respectiv quartila Q2 din categoria “CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY”.
O selectie a ideilor principale prezentate in articol, cat si rezultate obtinute (figurile atasate) ce demonstreaza numeroasele avantaje a modelarii 3D folosind fotogrammetria, dar si limitarile acestei metode de unde reiese nevoia de o metodologie imbunatatita prin fuziunea cu date LiDAR (crearea metodologiei DFM din proiectul Flysurvey ce urmeaza sa fie facuta dupa achizitia de echipamente in etapele 2 si 3) sunt prezentate in urmatoarele paragrafe:
“Incertitudinea care vine cu planificarea, construirea și întreținerea clădirilor este o problemă constantă pentru arhitecți și inginerii civili. Deoarece topografia este cadrul care unește arhitectura și peisajul, proiectele de proiectare și planificare se bazează în mare măsură pe o gamă largă de metode de monitorizare, topografie și date cuprinzătoare de teren. Alături de instrumentele tradiționale topo-geodezice utilizate în topografia terenurilor și a construcțiilor, vehiculele aeriene fără pilot echipate cu camere digitale și structură din software-ul de mișcare au fost utilizate din ce în ce mai mult recent într-o varietate de domenii pentru a crea modele digitale de elevație de înaltă rezoluție. În ciuda acestei utilizări larg răspândite, în majoritatea proiectelor de topografie se consideră că reprezentările topografice produse prin această tehnologie sunt inferioare celei obținute cu relevările efectuate prin metode convenționale, alături de alte constrângeri impuse de legislație, de mediu și de condițiile meteorologice. În timp ce anumite limitări ale sistemelor de vehicule aeriene fără pilot (UAV) sunt provocatoare, avantajul lor de a culege date dintr-o perspectivă diferită și rezultatele generate au potențialul de a avansa semnificativ industria construcțiilor. Prezentul articol oferă o privire de ansamblu asupra utilității sistemelor UAV bugetare în dezvoltarea unei metodologii care însoțește procesul de sondaj convențional pentru aplicațiile de inginerie civilă. Astfel, alături de sondajul stabilit pentru documentațiile cadastrale și tehnice necesare procesului de arhitectură, a fost elaborat un sondaj UAV complementar, cu analiză spațială ulterioară într-un sistem de informații geografice (GIS), în vederea extinderii gamei de livrabile. Acestea includ hartă ortofoto utilă, reprezentări la scară mai mare și mai dense ale topografiei, modele digitale de suprafață și teren, hărți de panta, aspect și radiație solară, care vor oferi informații și instrucțiuni utile la începutul procesului de planificare a construcției. Metodologia conține două studii de caz cu grade diferite de provocări legate de teren și vegetație și, de asemenea, prezintă o evaluare a acurateței și o discuție generală asupra beneficiilor privind implementarea UAV.
UAV-urile au fost în curs de dezvoltare extinsă în ultimele decenii, iar progresul lor în tehnologie și aplicabilitate reprezintă un salt cuantic pentru multe domenii de activitate. Sondajele la scară largă sunt de obicei utilizate în inginerie civilă pentru a aborda incertitudinile care pot apărea înainte, în timpul și după construcție. UAV-urile oferă topografilor, arhitecților și inginerilor civili modalități suplimentare de a-și înțelege proiectele sau problemele pe care le întâmpină, precum și să completeze datele obținute din teren. Se ajunge la concluzia că utilizarea UAV-urilor și a analizei spațiale GIS poate fi un progres semnificativ în cercetarea și aplicațiile profesionale ale proiectării clădirilor. Funcţionarea foarte simplă a acestor dispozitive și potențialul de a obține DSM, DTM și ortofoto georeferențiat de înaltă rezoluție, fac posibilă extinderea bazelor de date și tehnicilor de cartografiere utilizate în prezent în industria construcțiilor. Dificultăți operaționale încă există atunci când se utilizează fotogrammetria UAV pentru topografie. Cea mai mare provocare este mediul, în special prezența vegetației medii și înalte. Sistemele cu georeferențiere directă superioară, inclusiv GPS cu frecvență dublă pe UAV, precum și senzori de măsurare mai precisi și avantajoși, cum ar fi soluții LiDAR pentru o mai bună determinare DTM, vor fi disponibile în curând la o scară mai mare și un plan de accesibilitate. Metodologia multidisciplinară utilizată în studiu a fost practică, de încredere și de succes. Datele, interpretarea și discuțiile oferă informații științifice și utile relevante pentru zona de studiu și alte domenii de cercetare din întreaga lume. Pe baza constatărilor, investigațiile și instrumentele ulterioare vor fi extinse. Drept urmare, UAV-urile echipate cu LiDAR sunt următorul deziderat pentru măsurători mai amănunțite care pot pătrunde în stratul de vegetație și pot oferi reprezentări mai precise ale terenului gol, pentru progrese ulterioare în proiectele de arhitectură și inginerie civilă”.
Articolul are menționat numele prezentului proiect precum și cel al finanțatorului în secțiunea „acknowledgments”, respectiv: This work was supported by a grant of the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CNCS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1-PD-2021-0145, within PNCDI III.
Tot in cadrul perioadei de raportare, directorul de proiect a participat la doua conferinte internationale si la un workshop, toate acestea fiind mentionate pe platforma EVoC.
Așadar, conform Contractului de Finanțare pentru PD 85 din 19/04/2023 s-au desfășurat toate activitățile programate pentru perioada de raportare (01.01.2023-31.12.2023). Finalizarea celor doua articole prevazute si trimiterea acestora la jurnale indexate ISI urmeaza sa se efectueze pana la finalizarea proiectului.
Director de Proiect,
Sef lucr. dr. ing. Paul SESTRAS
Articolul publicat cu rezultate din proiect:
Sestras, P., Roșca, S., Bilașco, Ș., Șoimoșan, T., & Nedevschi, S. (2023). The Use of Budget UAV Systems and GIS Spatial Analysis in Cadastral and Construction Surveying for Building Planning. Frontiers in Built Environment, 9, 1206947. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1206947
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Keywords: land survey, mapping, UAV, photogrammetry, GIS, digital terrain model, construction planning
Citation: Sestras P, Roșca S, Bilașco Ș, Șoimoșan TM and Nedevschi S (2023) The use of budget UAV systems and GIS spatial analysis in cadastral and construction surveying for building planning. Front. Built Environ. 9:1206947. doi: 10.3389/fbuil.2023.1206947
Received: 16 April 2023; Accepted: 01 August 2023; Published: 11 August 2023.
2022, December – Project report PN-III-P1-1.1-PD-2021-0145
Scientific report – Stage 2022
Project code: PN-III-P1-1.1-PD-2021-0145
Contract No. PD 85 from 19/04/2022
Project Title: Hybrid UAV LiDAR and Photogrammetry for Data Fusion in Construction and Land Monitoring [FLYSURVEY]
Stage No. 1
Stage title: [WP1] Investigations and preliminary steps for obtaining DFM (digital feature model)
Abstract [Stage 1, 2022]: The first stage of the project consisted of an extensive investigation process of specialized literature and research regarding the use of LiDAR and Structure-from-Motion (SfM) digital photography technologies. In addition to bibliographic research, preparatory steps were taken for the equipment acquisition process that is to begin in the first month of stage 2 (January 2023), and some administrative procedures provided for in the project were carried out (e.g. preparation of the web page of the project). During this stage, the research of a case study was completed in which principles and objectives from the methodology conceived in the Flysurvey project were used. The dissemination of the results was carried out by publishing an article in a WoS indexed journal with an impact factor (IF), ranked in Q1. In stages 2 and 3, the complexity of the research will increase through the acquisition and implementation of modern sensors and technologies (the UAV system / professional drone, the LiDAR sensor, and the DJI P1 RGB sensor), in order to develop and test the innovative DFM methodology, according to the proposal of project.
***
reSULTS
According to the ‘Financing Contract’ for PD 85, dated 04/19/2022, all the activities scheduled within the project for the reporting period (04/01/2022-12/31/2022) were carried out, with 100% of them being completed.
Main results: [Articles] Publication of a manuscript in a Q1 journal: Remote Sensing.2022, 14(22), 5822; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225822
Sestras, P.; Bilașco, Ș.; Roșca, S.; Veres, I.; Ilies, N.; Hysa, A.; Spalević, V.; Cîmpeanu, S.M. Multi-Instrumental Approach to Slope Failure Monitoring in a Landslide Susceptible Newly Built-Up Area: Topo-Geodetic Survey, UAV 3D Modelling and Ground-Penetrating Radar. Remote Sens.2022, 14, 5822. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225822
AMA Style Sestras P, Bilașco Ș, Roșca S, Veres I, Ilies N, Hysa A, Spalević V, Cîmpeanu SM. Multi-Instrumental Approach to Slope Failure Monitoring in a Landslide Susceptible Newly Built-Up Area: Topo-Geodetic Survey, UAV 3D Modelling and Ground-Penetrating Radar. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(22):5822. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225822 Chicago/Turabian Style Sestras, Paul, Ștefan Bilașco, Sanda Roșca, Ioel Veres, Nicoleta Ilies, Artan Hysa, Velibor Spalević, and Sorin M. Cîmpeanu. 2022. „Multi-Instrumental Approach to Slope Failure Monitoring in a Landslide Susceptible Newly Built-Up Area: Topo-Geodetic Survey, UAV 3D Modelling and Ground-Penetrating Radar” Remote Sensing 14, no. 22: 5822. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225822
Multi-Instrumental Approach to Slope Failure Monitoring in a Landslide Susceptible Newly Built-Up Area: Topo-Geodetic Survey, UAV 3D Modelling and Ground-Penetrating Radar
1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400020 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
2 Faculty of Geography, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
3 Cluj-Napoca Subsidiary Geography Section, Romanian Academy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
4 Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Epoka University, 1000 Tirana, Albania
5 Geography Department, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Montenegro, 81400 Niksic, Montenegro
6 Faculty of Land Reclamation and Environmental Engineering, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
Abstract
Slope failures and landslides cause economic damage and deaths worldwide. These losses can be minimized by integrating different methodologies, instruments, and data monitoring to predict future landslides. In the constantly growing metropolitan area of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, changes in land cover, land use, and build-up areas are an issue. The unprecedented urban sprawl pushed the city limits from the Somes River to hilly terrain prone to landslides and erosion. This study focuses on a landslide-prone area where a previous slope failure caused significant economic losses. It combines topo-geodetic measurements, UAV monitoring of surface displacement, GIS spatial analysis, ground-penetrating radar investigations, and geotechnical assessment. Two years of data show that the slope is undergoing surface erosion, with soil displacements of a few centimeters. Geodetic monitoring of the retaining wall’s control points indicates a small rotation. Coupled with georadar profile imaging showing changes in soil and rock layers with an uplift trend, it was deduced that the area suffers from a global instability. The findings provide valuable information about the dynamics of landslides and erosion for forecasting future movements and developing preventative strategies based on a new methodology that combines affordable and prevalent instrumentation and techniques.
Suggestive images with the activities and results obtained, presented in the article
***
Figure 1. Landslide susceptibility map [4] with relevant hotspots
Figure 2. The geographic location of the study area
Figure 3. Aerial photos of the emerged residential complex and monitored study area
Figure 4. Collage of images depicting the old retaining wall right before failure, and the damages that ensued on the industrial production hall after the slope failure
Figure 5. Collage of images depicting the newly constructed retaining wall and land improvement measures.
Figure 6. Methodological flowchart
Figure 7. Map of the prior research study’s landslide susceptibility [4] (a) and of the study area (b); the twelve factors that have been examined as potential influencing factors for slope mass movement: altitude (c), slope (d), aspect (e), distance to settlements (f), roads (g), hydrography (h), wetness index (i), stream power index (j), land-use (k), geology (l), depth of fragmentation (m), and fragmentation density (n)
Figure 8. Established local geodetic network
Figure 9. Obtained orthophoto with GCPs and CPs positioning and the instrumentation used
Figure 10. Obtained orthophoto with GPR profile locations and the instrumentation used
Figure 11. Displacement analysis on each axis, as well as overall spatial values
Figure 12. Surface movement rate
Figure 13. GPR longitudinal profile
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